Watching for storms

Last updated on September 16, 2023

Watching for Storms: A Guide to Atmospheric Optics

When it comes to observing the beauty and wonders of nature, few things can rival the mesmerizing sight of a storm. From towering cumulonimbus clouds to dazzling lightning displays, storms captivate our senses and remind us of the immense power of the natural world. But did you know that storms also offer a fascinating opportunity to witness a variety of atmospheric optical phenomena? In this article, we will delve into the world of atmospheric optics and explore the different spectacles that can be observed while watching for storms.

The Science Behind Atmospheric Optics

Atmospheric optics is a branch of science that focuses on the study of how light interacts with the Earth's atmosphere. It investigates the various phenomena that occur due to the bending, scattering, and reflection of light by atmospheric particles and conditions. These optical phenomena can range from simple rainbows to more complex displays such as halos, sundogs, and crepuscular rays. By understanding the science behind these phenomena, we can better appreciate the intricate workings of our atmosphere and the incredible visual spectacles they create.

Crepuscular Rays: Rays of Light Breaking Through

One of the most striking optical phenomena observed during storms are crepuscular rays, also known as "God rays" or "sunbeams." These rays appear as bright beams of light that radiate from gaps in clouds or other obstructions in the atmosphere. They are formed when sunlight passes through gaps in clouds or other objects, casting shadows and creating a stunning display of light and shadow. Crepuscular rays are often visible during sunrise or sunset when the sun is low on the horizon, adding to their dramatic effect.

Halos: Rings of Light in the Sky

Another fascinating optical phenomenon that can be observed during storms is the appearance of halos around the sun or moon. Halos are circular rings of light that form when light is refracted, or bent, by ice crystals present in the atmosphere. These ice crystals act as prisms, bending the light and creating a halo around the celestial body. The size and shape of the halo depend on the type and orientation of the ice crystals, resulting in a variety of halo patterns. Watching for storms provides an excellent opportunity to witness these ethereal rings of light and marvel at the beauty of nature's optical artistry.

Sundogs: Guardians of the Sun

Sundogs, also known as parhelia or mock suns, are another captivating atmospheric optical phenomenon that can be observed during storms. Sundogs appear as bright spots of light on either side of the sun, creating a halo-like effect. They are formed when sunlight is refracted by ice crystals in the atmosphere, similar to the formation of halos. Sundogs often accompany cirrus clouds, which are thin, wispy clouds composed of ice crystals. These shimmering companions of the sun add an enchanting element to the stormy skies, captivating the eyes and sparking curiosity about the wonders of our atmosphere.

Rainbows: Nature's Colorful Arcs

While rainbows are not exclusive to storms, they are a beautiful optical phenomenon that can often be seen after rainfall. Rainbows are formed when sunlight is refracted, or bent, as it enters and exits raindrops in the atmosphere. This refraction causes the different colors of light to separate and form an arc in the sky. The primary rainbow appears as a semi-circular arc with red on the outer edge and violet on the inner edge. Double rainbows, supernumerary rainbows, and even full-circle rainbows can also occur under certain atmospheric conditions. Witnessing a rainbow after a storm can be a breathtaking experience, reminding us of the harmonious interplay between light and water droplets in our atmosphere.

Other Atmospheric Optical Phenomena

In addition to the aforementioned phenomena, there are several other optical spectacles that can be observed while watching for storms. These include:

• Lightning: The electrifying display of lightning during storms is a remarkable sight to behold. Lightning occurs when there is a discharge of electricity between clouds or between clouds and the ground. The intense light emitted during a lightning strike illuminates the stormy skies, leaving observers in awe of its power and beauty.

• Mammatus Clouds: Mammatus clouds are characterized by their distinctive pouch-like structures that hang beneath the base of a cloud. These clouds often appear during or after severe thunderstorms and are formed by sinking air pockets within the storm system. Their unusual appearance adds an element of intrigue to the stormy atmosphere.

• Green Flashes: Although rare, green flashes are optical phenomena that can sometimes be observed during sunset or sunrise. They occur when the Earth's atmosphere refracts light in such a way that the green portion of the spectrum becomes momentarily visible. Witnessing a green flash is considered a special and elusive event for skywatchers.

Conclusion

Watching for storms offers not only a chance to witness the raw power of nature but also an opportunity to marvel at the captivating optical phenomena that occur within our atmosphere. From crepuscular rays and halos to sundogs and rainbows, each spectacle provides a glimpse into the intricate workings of light and atmospheric particles. So, the next time you find yourself amidst a storm, take a moment to look up and appreciate the symphony of colors, shapes, and patterns that dance across the stormy skies. You never know what wonders you may discover while watching for storms.

"Watching for Storms" photographed in North Dakota by Amy and Paul Witty. These rays really demonstrate that they are tubes of shadowed air extending from clouds. ©2006 Amy & Paul Witty, shown with permission.

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Reference Atmospheric Optics

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